PMC

(A) Regression plot comparing manual to automatic measurements of fascicle length. (B) Bland–Altman plot comparing manual to automatic measurements of fascicle length. (C) Regression plot comparing manual to automatic measurements of pennation angle. (D) Bland–Altman plot comparing manual to automatic measurements of pennation angle.

Bland-Altman plots of difference between the manual and automatic method. Fully automatic is automatic slice selection followed by automatic segmentation compared to complete manual slice selection and segmentation. Slice selection is automatic versus manual slice selection. Segmentation is automatic versus manual segmentation on the manual selected slice.

Automatic approach-avoidance scores were computed by indexing mean reaction times on Avoidance trials from mean reaction times (RTs) on Approach trials (i.e., RT_Avoid – RT_Approach). For each trial, an approach-avoidance score was computed separately for the initiation and execution phases. Positive scores indicate an automatic approach tendency, whereas negative scores indicate an automatic avoidance tendency. In response to neutral faces, socially anxious individuals exhibited weaker automatic approach tendencies during the initiation phase, but stronger automatic approach tendencies during the execution phase (p = 0.009).

Interaction between voluntary and automatic behaviour—a hypothesis. (A) Voluntary and automatic mechanisms are separated between rostral and caudal basal ganglia circuits. Each mechanism controls behaviour in two steps: finding good objects; and manipulating the good objects, and is modulated by reward outcomes. Critically, the reward effect is strong but temporary for the voluntary mechanism and weak but cumulative for the automatic mechanism. (B) Separate versus interactive operations of voluntary and automatic mechanisms. These mechanisms may operate independently, with voluntary mechanism being guided consciously while multiple automatic mechanisms being guided subconsciously (left). Alternatively, they may interact with each other, with the automatic mechanisms consciously selected by the voluntary mechanism (right), or the voluntary mechanism triggered by automatic mechanisms (not shown).